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Java Interview Questions

February 5, 2024

Embark on your Java programming journey with confidence. Explore a curated set of interview questions and answers ranging from fundamental to advanced concepts. Elevate your skills with Aimore Technologies, the best software training institute, specializing in comprehensive Java training in Chennai.

Beginners
Intermediate
Experienced
1. Why is Java a platform-independent language?
Java exhibits platform independence by adhering to the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) principle. The Java code is compiled into an intermediate form called bytecode, which can be executed on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it independent of the underlying platform.
2. Why is Java not a pure object-oriented language?

Java is not a pure object-oriented language because it supports primitive data types like int and char, which are not objects. In a pure object-oriented language, everything is treated as an object, but Java includes both primitive types and objects.

3. Compare Heap and Stack Memory in Java.
Heap memory is used for dynamic memory allocation, where objects and data structures are stored. Stack memory, on the other hand, is used for method execution and stores local variables and method call information. Heap memory is managed by the garbage collector, while stack memory is automatically managed.
4. Can Java be said to be the complete object-oriented programming language?

Java is not considered a complete object-oriented programming language because it supports primitive data types and has features like static methods and variables. In a complete object-oriented language, everything is treated as objects, and there are no primitive types or non-object-oriented features.

5. How is Java different from C++?
Java and C++ are both object-oriented languages, but Java is designed to be more platform-independent and has automatic memory management through garbage collection. C++ allows more direct memory manipulation and has features like pointers, which Java avoids for safety reasons.
6. Pointers are used in C/ C++. What is the reason behind Java's avoidance of pointers?

Java avoids pointers for security and robustness. Pointers in languages like C/C++ can lead to memory-related errors like segmentation faults and dangling pointers. By using references and managing memory automatically through a garbage collector, Java provides a safer programming environment.

7. Define instance variable and local variable in your own words.
Instance variables are variables defined within a class but outside any method, representing the attributes or properties of an object. Local variables, on the other hand, are declared within a method and exist only during the execution of that method.
8. What values do variables and instances receive by default in Java?
Variables in Java are assigned default values based on their data types. For instance variables, they are initialized to default values when an object is created. For numeric types, the default is 0, for boolean it's false, and for object references, it's null.
9. What do you mean by data encapsulation?
Data encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit known as a class. It helps in restricting access to some of the object's components and preventing unintended interference, providing data security and abstraction.
10. Tell us something about the JIT compiler.
The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler in Java is responsible for converting Java bytecode into native machine code at runtime. This allows for improved performance as the native code can be executed directly by the host CPU. JIT compilation combines the advantages of both interpreted and statically compiled languages.
11. Elaborate on the distinctions between the equals() method and the equality operator (==) in Java.
The equals() method is used to compare the content or values of two objects for equality, as defined by the object's class. The equality operator (==) in Java, on the other hand, compares the memory addresses of two objects, determining if they refer to the exact same object.
12. How is an infinite loop declared in Java?

An infinite loop in Java can be created using a while loop with a condition that always evaluates to true.
For example:

java

while(true) {
// Code for the infinite loop
}

13. Provide a brief explanation of constructor overloading in Java.

Constructor overloading in Java involves creating multiple constructors within a class, each with a different parameter list. This allows objects of the class to be instantiated in various ways, providing flexibility in object creation.

14. Define Copy constructor in Java.

A copy constructor in Java is a constructor that takes an object of the same class as a parameter and creates a new object with the same state as the provided object. It is used to perform a deep copy, creating a new instance independent of the original.

15. Can the main method be Overloaded?

Yes, the main method in Java can be overloaded by defining multiple main methods within the same class with different parameter lists. However, only the standard

public static void main(String[] args)

method is executed when the Java program is run.

16. Share your thoughts on method overloading and overriding, including relevant examples.

Method overloading is the practice of declaring several methods within a single class, sharing the same name but having distinct parameter lists. On the other hand, method overriding takes place when a subclass furnishes a unique implementation for a method already present in its superclass. Overloading enhances readability, while overriding supports polymorphism.

17. Explain the coexistence of a single try block and multiple catch blocks in a Java Program.

In Java, a try block is used to enclose a block of code that may throw exceptions. Multiple catch blocks can follow a single try block, each handling a specific type of exception. This allows for different exception types to be caught and handled differently, promoting better error handling.

18. Explain the use of the final keyword in variable, method and class.

In Java, the final keyword is used to indicate that a variable, method, or class cannot be modified, overridden, or extended, respectively. Once a variable is declared as final, its value cannot be altered; similarly, a final method is immune to being overridden, and a final class cannot be extended.

19. Do final, finally and finalize keywords have the same function?

No, they have different functions. final is a keyword used for variables, methods, and classes as explained earlier. finally is used in exception handling to define a block of code that will be executed whether an exception is thrown or not. finalize is a method in the Object class that is called by the garbage collector before an object is reclaimed, but it's not commonly used.

20. Is it possible that the โ€˜finallyโ€™ block will not be executed? If yes then list the case.

Yes, there are cases where the finally block may not be executed. One such case is when the JVM exits due to a call to System.exit() within the try or catch block, preventing the execution of any subsequent code, including the finally block.

21. Determine the output of a Java program and justify your answer.
Unfortunately, there is no specific Java program provided in this question to determine the output and justify the answer. Please provide a specific code snippet for analysis.
22. When can you use the super keyword?

The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the superclass (parent class) membersโ€”fields or methods. It is typically used in a subclass to access the overridden methods or to call the superclass constructor.

23. Can the static methods be overloaded?

Yes, static methods in Java can be overloaded. Overloading occurs when there are multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different parameter lists. The choice of which method to call is determined at compile-time based on the method signature.

24. What is the rationale behind making the main method static in Java?

The main method in Java is declared as static to allow it to be called without creating an instance of the class. When a Java program starts, it doesn't have an object instance because the main method is the entry point. Making it static ensures that the method can be invoked without the need for object instantiation.

25. Can the static methods be overridden?

No, static methods in Java cannot be overridden. While a subclass can declare a static method with the same signature as a static method in its superclass, it is considered hiding, not overriding. The choice of which method to call is determined at compile-time based on the reference type.

26. Discuss the disparities among static methods, static variables, and static classes in Java.

Static methods are associated with a class rather than an instance and can be called using the class name. Shared among all instances of a class, static variables are accessible using the class name.

27. Highlight the primary goal of garbage collection in Java.

The primary goal of garbage collection in Java is to automatically reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer reachable or in use by the program. It helps in managing memory efficiently, preventing memory leaks, and improving the overall performance of Java applications.

28. What is a ClassLoader?

A ClassLoader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) that dynamically loads Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) during runtime. The task of locating and loading class files into memory, enabling their execution, falls under its responsibility.

29. What part of memory - Stack or Heap - is cleaned in the garbage collection process?

Garbage collection in Java primarily cleans up the heap memory. Objects that are no longer referenced or reachable are identified and removed from the heap by the garbage collector. Stack memory, on the other hand, is automatically managed and cleaned up as methods complete their execution.

30. Explain the concepts of shallow copy and deep copy in the context of Java.

In Java, shallow copy and deep copy refer to copying objects in different ways:

  • Shallow Copy: A shallow copy creates a new object but does not duplicate the content of the object. Instead, it copies references to the original object's fields. Changes made to the fields in the copied object will affect the original, and vice versa.
  • Deep Copy: A deep copy creates a completely independent copy of an object, including all its nested objects. Changes made to the fields in the copied object do not affect the original. Achieving a deep copy often involves recursively copying all referenced objects.
1. Besides security concerns, what are the reasons for enforcing immutability in strings within Java?
Immutability in strings within Java provides advantages such as thread safety, simplicity in code, and optimization opportunities. Since strings are widely used in Java, immutability ensures that once a string object is created, its value cannot be changed. This property facilitates safer multi-threading and makes string manipulation operations more predictable.
2. What is a singleton class in Java? And how to implement a singleton class?

A singleton class in Java is a class that allows only one instance to be created and provides a global point to that instance. To implement a singleton class, you typically follow these steps:

Ensure that the constructor is set to private to deter direct instantiation.

Create a static method within the class that either creates a new instance if none exists or returns the existing instance.

Ensure thread-safety, especially in a multi-threaded environment, by using synchronized blocks or other techniques.

3. Which of the options below results in a compile-time error? Kindly specify the rationale behind the error.

java

Option 1: int x = 10, y = 20;
if (x > y) {
System.out.println("x is greater");
} else
System.out.println("y is greater");
System.out.println("Comparison complete");

Option 2: int a = 5, b = 7;
if (a < b)
System.out.println("a is smaller");
else
System.out.println("b is smaller");
System.out.println("Comparison complete");

Option 1 will result in a compile-time error. The reason is that the indentation misleads the compiler, and it considers only the immediately following statement as part of the 'else' block. So, the second System.out.println("Comparison complete"); is outside any block, causing a syntax error.

4. How can you distinguish between a String, StringBuffer, and a StringBuilder?
  • String: Immutable, meaning once created, the value cannot be changed. Thread-safe but less efficient for frequent modifications.
  • StringBuffer: Mutable and thread-safe. Slower than StringBuilder due to synchronization.
  • StringBuilder: Mutable but not thread-safe. Faster than StringBuffer because it's not synchronized. Ideal for single-threaded operations with frequent modifications.
5. Using relevant properties, outline the distinctions between interfaces and abstract classes.
  • Interfaces: Support multiple inheritance, contain only abstract methods (prior to Java 8), support default and static methods from Java 8 onward, cannot have instance variables (except constants).
  • Abstract classes: Support single inheritance, can have both abstract and concrete methods, can have instance variables, may contain constructors.
6. Is this program giving a compile-time error? If the answer is affirmative, specify the reason and indicate the number of errors it will generate.

java

public class CompileErrorExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
System.out.println("The value of x is: " + x)
}
}

Yes, the program will give a compile-time error. The reason is a missing semicolon (;) at the end of the System.out.println statement. It will generate 1 error.

7. What is a Comparator in Java?

A Comparator in Java is an interface used to define custom ordering rules for objects. It provides a way to compare two objects and determine their relative order. Comparators are often used with sorting algorithms, such as Collections.sort() or Arrays.sort(), to impose a specific order on elements that do not naturally have a built-in order.

8. In Java, static as well as private method overriding is possible. Comment on the statement.

The statement is incorrect. In Java, static methods cannot be overridden as they are associated with the class, not with the instance. Private methods, though introduced in Java 9, are not overridden in the traditional sense. They are not accessible outside the class, and their definitions in subclasses do not override the private methods in the superclass.

9. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?
  • HashSet: Implements the Set interface, does not guarantee any specific order of elements, allows at most one null element.
  • TreeSet: Implements the Set interface and navigable interface, orders elements based on their natural order or a provided comparator, does not allow null elements.
10. Why is a character array favored over a string for safeguarding confidential information?

A character array is favored over a string for safeguarding confidential information because strings are immutable in Java. Once a string is created, it stays in the memory until garbage collected, and during this time, it could be accessed or intercepted. In contrast, character arrays allow for more control. You can overwrite the array with zeros or other characters after using the confidential information, reducing the risk of exposure.

11. What is contained in the JDK file?

The Java Development Kit (JDK) file contains tools, executables, and binaries necessary for developing, compiling, debugging, and running Java programs. It includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), the Java Compiler (javac), the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and various libraries and tools needed for Java development.

12. Enumerate the disparities between JVM, JRE, and JDK in the context of Java.
  • JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Executes Java bytecode, provides platform independence, and is responsible for memory management and garbage collection.
  • JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Includes the JVM and necessary libraries, but lacks development tools like compiler and debugger.
  • JDK (Java Development Kit): Comprehensive package containing the JRE, development tools (compiler, debugger), and additional libraries for Java development.
13. What are the distinctions between HashMap and HashTable in Java?
  • HashMap: Allows null values and one null key, not synchronized (not thread-safe), faster, introduced in Java 1.2.
  • HashTable: Does not allow null keys or values, synchronized (thread-safe), slower than HashMap due to synchronization, considered legacy, introduced in Java 1.0.
14. What is the importance of reflection in Java?

Reflection in Java allows dynamic inspection and manipulation of classes, methods, fields, and interfaces at runtime. It enables features like:

  • Dynamic instantiation of classes.
  • Retrieving and modifying field values.
  • Invoking methods dynamically.

Examining and accessing annotations.

  • Reflection is crucial for frameworks like Spring and tools that require runtime analysis of class structures.

15. What are the different ways of thread usage?

Threads in Java can be used in two main ways:

  • Extending the Thread class: By creating a class that extends the Thread class and overriding its run() method.
  • Implementing the Runnable interface: By creating a class that implements the Runnable interface and providing the implementation for the run() method. This approach is more flexible as it allows a class to extend another class.
16. What are the various types of Thread Priorities in Java? Also, what is the default priority assigned to a thread by the JVM?

Thread priorities in Java range from Thread.MIN_PRIORITY (1) to Thread.MAX_PRIORITY (10), with Thread.NORM_PRIORITY (5) as the default. The priorities help the scheduler determine the order of execution when multiple threads are competing for CPU time.

17. What is the difference between the program and the process?
  • Program: A set of instructions written in a programming language, stored as a file. It is a passive entity.
  • Process: An instance of a program in execution. It has its memory space, resources, and runs independently. A program can have multiple processes.
18. What is the difference between the โ€˜throwโ€™ and โ€˜throwsโ€™ keywords in Java?
  • throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception in a method. It is followed by an instance of an exception class.
  • throws: Used in method signature to declare the exceptions that a method might throw. It specifies the exceptions a method can propagate, allowing the calling code to handle them.
19. What are the differences between the constructor and method of a class in Java?
  • Constructor: Special method invoked when an object is created. It has the same name as the class, no return type, and is used for initializing object properties.
  • Method: General-purpose member function of a class, used for performing actions. It has a return type, a name, and may take parameters.
20. Identify the output of the below Java program and Justify your answer.

Java

public class OutputExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
System.out.println(x++); // Post-increment, prints current value of x, then increments
System.out.println(++x); // Pre-increment, increments x first, then prints the new value
}
}

The output will be:
5
7
This is because the post-increment (x++) prints the current value of x and then increments it, while the pre-increment (++x) increments x first and then prints the new value.

21. In Java, does it operate under "pass by value" or "pass by reference" semantics?

Java uses "pass by value". When passing parameters to a method, a copy of the actual parameter value is passed. For primitive types, this means passing the actual value, while for objects, it's the reference to the object's memory location that gets passed. However, the reference itself is still passed by value.

22. Define the 'IS-A' relationship in Java's OOP paradigm.

The "IS-A" relationship in Java signifies inheritance. If Class A extends Class B, it implies that an object of Class A "is a" Class B. It establishes a relationship where the subclass inherits the attributes and behaviors of the superclass. For example, if a Car extends a Vehicle, a Car is a Vehicle.

23. Which among String or StringBuffer should be preferred when there are a lot of updates required to be done in the data?

StringBuffer should be preferred when frequent updates are needed in the data. Unlike strings, which are immutable and require creating new objects for each modification, StringBuffer is mutable, allowing efficient modifications without creating new instances.

24. How can you prevent the serialization of attributes of a class in Java?

To prevent the serialization of attributes of a class in Java, mark the attributes as transient. The transient keyword tells the serialization mechanism to exclude the marked fields from the serialization process. For example:

Java
private transient String confidentialData;

25. What repercussions occur if the static modifier is omitted from the main method signature in Java?

If the static modifier is omitted from the main method signature in Java, the program will not compile. The main method must be declared as public static void main(String[] args) for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to recognize it as the entry point of the program.

26. Evaluate the output of the given program and elucidate the rationale behind it.

Java

public class OutputEvaluation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(s1 == s2);
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
}
}

The output will be:
Arduino
false
true

This is because == compares references, and since s1 is a literal and s2 is created using new, they refer to different objects. However, equals() compares the content, so it returns true since both strings have the same sequence of characters.

27. Is it possible to designate the main() thread as a daemon thread?

Yes, it is possible to designate the main() thread as a daemon thread in Java. You can use the setDaemon(true) method to mark a thread (including the main() thread) as a daemon thread. Daemon threads are background threads that do not prevent the program from exiting if they are the only threads running.

28. What happens if multiple main methods are inside one Java class?

If there are multiple main methods in one Java class, the program will compile successfully. However, when executing the program, the JVM will look for the main method with the following signature:

Java
public static void main(String[] args)
It will only execute the main method that matches this signature, ignoring others.

29. Explain the concept of Object Cloning and elucidate the process of achieving it in Java.

The process of object cloning in Java entails generating a precise duplicate of an object. To achieve cloning, a class must implement the Cloneable interface and override the clone() method. The process involves:

  • Implementing the Cloneable interface.
  • Overriding the clone() method in the class.
  • Calling the clone() method to create a copy.

For example:
Java
public class MyClass implements Cloneable {
// Fields and methods
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
return super.clone();
}
}

30. How does an exception propagate in the code?

Exception propagation in Java occurs when an exception is thrown in a method but not caught locally. The exception propagates up the call stack until it encounters a matching catch block or until it reaches the top-level of the program. If the exception is not caught, the program terminates, and the exception details are printed to the console.

31. What impact do exceptions have on a program if they are left unhandled?

If exceptions are left unhandled in a program, it can result in the termination of the program. When an exception occurs and is not caught by an appropriate catch block, it propagates up the call stack. If the exception reaches the top-level of the program without being caught, the program terminates abruptly. Additionally, unhandled exceptions can leave the program in an inconsistent state and may lead to unexpected behavior.

32. Must a catch block always follow a try block?

In Java, a try block must be followed by either a catch block or a finally block, or both. The purpose of the try-catch statement is to handle exceptions. If a try block is used, there should be at least one catch block or a finally block to manage the exceptional situation. The catch block handles the exception, and the finally block (if present) is executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.

33. Will the finally block get executed when the return statement is written at the end of the try block and catch block as shown below?

Java
public class FinallyExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Code that may throw an exception
return;
} catch (Exception e) {
// Catch block
} finally {
System.out.println("Finally block executed");
}
}
}

Yes, the finally block will get executed even when the return statement is present in the try block. The final block is designed to execute regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not, and even if a return statement is encountered.

34. Can you call a constructor of a class inside another constructor?

Yes, a constructor of a class can be called inside another constructor using the this() keyword. This is known as constructor chaining. It allows a constructor to invoke another constructor of the same class, either from the same class or from its superclass (using super()), providing a way to reuse code and initialize different parts of the object.

35. Explain why contiguous memory locations are commonly used for storing actual values in an array but not in an ArrayList.

Contiguous memory locations are commonly used for storing actual values in an array because array elements are of the same data type, and their memory addresses can be calculated based on the index. This allows for constant-time random access.

On the other hand, ArrayList in Java uses an underlying array that might need to be resized dynamically. As elements are added or removed, the ArrayList may need to allocate a new array and copy elements, which may result in non-contiguous memory locations. This flexibility in resizing comes at the cost of potential performance overhead compared to arrays.

36. What is the rationale behind the Java array index starting with 0?

The decision to start array indices from 0 in Java is rooted in simplicity and consistency with low-level programming concepts. In many programming languages, including C (which influenced Java), arrays are implemented as pointers or offsets, and the index represents the offset from the beginning of the array. Starting from 0 makes calculations simpler and aligns with the concept of addressing the first element at the memory address of the array.

37. Why is the remove method faster in a linked list compared to an array?

The remove method is generally faster in a linked list compared to an array because, in a linked list, removing an element involves updating only the references of the neighboring nodes. In contrast, in an array, removing an element at a specific index may require shifting all the subsequent elements to fill the gap, resulting in a higher time complexity.

Linked lists excel at insertions and removals in the middle, while arrays are more efficient for random access. The choice depends on the specific requirements of the application.

38. How many overloaded add() and addAll() methods are available in the List interface? Describe the needs and uses.

In the List interface, there are multiple overloaded versions of add() and addAll() methods. These include variations with index parameters, as well as those taking collections or varargs.

  • addElement(E element): Adds the specified element to the conclusion of the list.
  • add(E element): Appends the specified element to the end of the list.

Similarly, for addAll():

  • addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c):Adds all the elements of the specified collection at the specified position.
  • addAll(Collection<? extends E> c): Appends all the elements of the specified collection to the end of the list.

These methods provide flexibility in inserting elements at specific positions and adding collections to lists.

39. How does the size of ArrayList grow dynamically? And also state how it is implemented internally.

The ArrayList class in Java dynamically grows its size by increasing its internal array capacity as needed. When elements are added and the current capacity is reached, a new array with a larger size is created, and all existing elements are copied to the new array. This process is known as "resizing".

Internally, ArrayList uses an array to store elements. The initial capacity is set when the ArrayList is created. When elements are added and the current size exceeds the capacity, the capacity is increased (often doubled) to accommodate more elements. This resizing operation ensures that the ArrayList can efficiently handle a dynamic number of elements.

1. Explain why composition is considered more advantageous than inheritance, despite the popularity of inheritance in OOP.

Composition is favored over inheritance due to its flexibility and reusability. Inheritance can lead to tight coupling, making code more rigid and less adaptable to changes. Composition allows for a more modular and loosely coupled design, enabling easier maintenance and extension of code.

2. What is the difference between โ€˜>>โ€™ and โ€˜>>>โ€™ operators in Java?

The '>>' operator is a signed right shift operator that preserves the sign bit, filling the vacant positions with the sign bit. The '>>>' operator is an unsigned right shift operator that fills the vacant positions with zeros, irrespective of the sign bit.

3. What are Composition and Aggregation? State the difference.

Composition and Aggregation are both forms of object association in OOP. Composition implies a strong relationship where one object is part of another and has no independent existence. Aggregation implies a weaker relationship where objects can exist independently.

4. How is the creation of a String using new() different from that of a literal?

Using new() creates a new String object on the heap, regardless of whether a similar String already exists. Using a literal creates a String in the String Pool, and if an identical String already exists, it is reused, promoting memory efficiency.

5. How is the โ€˜newโ€™ operator different from the โ€˜newInstance()โ€™ operator in Java?

The 'new' operator is used to create an instance of a class at compile-time. 'newInstance()' is a method of the 'Class' class and is used to create an instance of a class at runtime. It provides more flexibility but is less type-safe compared to 'new'.

6. Can a program exceed its memory limit even when equipped with a garbage collector?

Yes, a program can still exceed its memory limit even with a garbage collector. Garbage collectors manage memory for objects that are no longer in use, but they cannot prevent memory leaks caused by objects that are unintentionally kept in memory due to lingering references.

7. Why is synchronization necessary? Explain with the help of a relevant example.

Synchronization is necessary to ensure thread safety and prevent data corruption in concurrent programming. For example, in a multi-threaded environment, if two threads concurrently modify a shared variable without synchronization, it can lead to unpredictable results, and synchronization prevents such issues.

8. What does the code below signify or achieve?

Java

public class Singleton {
private static final Singleton instance = new Singleton();
private Singleton() {}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
return instance;
}
}

This code implements the Singleton design pattern, ensuring that only one instance of the 'Singleton' class is created. The instance is created eagerly during class loading, and the 'getInstance()' method always returns the same instance.

9. Provide the output of the given Java program and elucidate the steps involved in its execution based on the provided code.

Java
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 5;
int y = 2;
System.out.println(x / y);
}
}

Output: 2
Steps: Declare and initialize variables 'x' and 'y', perform integer division, and print the result.

10. Define System.out.println().

System.out.println() is a Java statement used to print a line of text to the standard output (usually the console). It automatically appends a newline character, facilitating easy display of information during program execution.

11. Can you explain the Java thread lifecycle?

The Java thread lifecycle consists of several states:

  • New: Before a thread is initiated but remains inactive.
  • Runnable: When the thread is ready to run and waiting for CPU time.
  • Blocked: When the thread is waiting for a monitor lock to enter a synchronized block or method.
  • Waiting: When the thread is waiting indefinitely for another thread to perform a particular action.
  • Timed Waiting: Similar to waiting, but with a specified maximum waiting time.
  • Terminated: When the thread has completed its execution or terminated prematurely.
12. Discuss the potential tradeoffs between utilizing an unordered array and an ordered array.

An unordered array allows for faster insertion and deletion but lacks efficient searching. An ordered array facilitates binary search but slows down insertions and deletions due to the need to maintain order. The choice depends on the specific requirements of the application.

13. Is it permissible to import the same class or package twice in Java, and what are the implications during runtime?

Yes, it is permissible to import the same class or package twice in Java. The compiler ignores duplicate imports. There are no direct runtime implications, but it can lead to increased compilation time and potential confusion in the code.

14. In case a package has sub-packages, will it suffice to import only the main package? When importing com.myMainPackage., does it also import com.myMainPackage.mySubPackage.?

Importing the main package does not automatically import its sub-packages in Java. To use classes from a sub-package, they must be explicitly imported. Importing 'com.myMainPackage.' does not import classes from 'com.myMainPackage.mySubPackage.'.

15. If the try block concludes with System.exit(0), will the finally block still be executed?

No, the finally block will not be executed if the try block concludes with System.exit(0). The 'System.exit()' method terminates the Java Virtual Machine, preventing the execution of any subsequent code, including the finally block.

16. Define the concept of marker interfaces in Java.

Marker interfaces in Java are interfaces with no methods. They act as a tag to convey some information to the compiler or runtime environment. Examples include the 'Serializable' and 'Cloneable' interfaces, indicating that classes implementing them support serialization and cloning, respectively.

17. Elaborate on the term "Double Brace Initialization" in the context of Java.

Double Brace Initialization is a technique in Java where an anonymous inner class is used to initialize an instance of a class with a block of code inside double braces. It's often used for creating and initializing collections in a concise manner.

Java

List<String> myList = new ArrayList<String>() {{
add("Item1");
add("Item2");
}};

18. Why is it said that the length() method of the String class doesn't return accurate results?

The 'length()' method of the String class returns the number of characters in the string. However, if the string contains Unicode supplementary characters (those with code points above U+FFFF), each supplementary character counts as two characters in the length. Hence, for strings with supplementary characters, 'length()' may not accurately represent the visible length.

19. Analyze the output of the code snippet below and provide the reasoning behind it.

Java

public class OutputExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(str1 == str2);
System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
}
}

Output:
arduino
false
True

Explanation:

  1. System.out.println(str1 == str2);
    This prints false because it compares the references of the two strings. str1 is created using string literal and is stored in the string pool, while str2 is explicitly created using the new keyword, resulting in a new object on the heap. Thus, they refer to different objects, and == checks for reference equality.
  2. System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
    This prints true because the equals() method compares the content of the strings. Both str1 and str2 have the same sequence of characters ("Hello"), so the equals() method returns true. This demonstrates the importance of using equals() for content comparison, especially when dealing with objects.
20. What are the possible ways of making objects eligible for garbage collection (GC) in Java?

Objects qualify for garbage collection once they are no longer accessible. This can happen through:

  • Setting references to null.
  • Reassigning references.
  • Exiting the scope of local variables.
  • Clearing references from collections.
  • Objects in the String Pool becoming unreachable.
21. Determine the number of objects eligible for garbage collection in the provided Java Program.

Java
public class GCExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = new String("Hello");
String s2 = new String("World");
s1 = null;
String s3 = s2;
s2 = null;
}
}

In this program, two objects become eligible for garbage collection: the first String object created with "Hello" and the second String object created with "World". After setting s1 and s2 to null, they are no longer reachable.

22. What method is recommended for introducing dependencies, and what is the rationale behind this choice?

The Dependency Injection (DI) method is recommended for introducing dependencies. DI involves injecting dependencies from the outside, typically through constructor injection or setter injection. This promotes loose coupling, making the code more modular, maintainable, and testable.

23. In Spring, how do we define the scope of a bean, and what are the available scopes?

In Spring, the scope of a bean is defined using the scope attribute in the bean configuration. The available scopes include:

  • Singleton: The default scope, creating a single instance per Spring container.
  • Prototype: Creating a new instance each time the bean is requested.
  • Request: Creating a new instance for each HTTP request (valid in a web-aware Spring context).
  • Session: Creating a new instance for each HTTP session (valid in a web-aware Spring context).
  • Global Session: Similar to session scope but for global HTTP sessions (valid in a web-aware Spring context).
  • Custom Scopes: Users can define custom scopes as needed.
24. What is a Memory Leak? Discuss some common causes of it.

A Memory Leak occurs when a program allocates memory for objects but fails to release or deallocate them properly. Common causes include:

  • Unintentional object retention, preventing garbage collection.
  • Cyclic references where objects reference each other, creating a loop.
  • Static references that persist throughout the program's lifecycle.
  • Improper use of data structures leading to unintended object retention.
  • Unclosed resources, such as files or network connections.
25. If a thread possesses a lock, does invoking the sleep() method on that thread result in the release of the lock?

No, invoking the sleep() method on a thread does not release the lock it holds. The thread retains the lock while in the sleeping state. The sleep() method only pauses the execution of the current thread for a specified duration without affecting its acquired locks. Locks are released when the synchronized block or method is exited or when an exception occurs inside the block.

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Kiruthika Muthukumar

Kiruthika Muthukumar is an accomplished Oracle trainer with six years of expertise in the field. Holding a Bachelor's degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from the National College of Engineering, Nellai, she has established herself as a proficient educator. Kiruthika's passion for teaching is matched only by her love for reading poetry, which she indulges in during her leisure time. Her dedication to Oracle training stems from a deep understanding of the subject matter coupled with her ability to impart knowledge effectively to her students. Kiruthika's commitment to excellence and her penchant for poetry make her a unique and engaging instructor, enriching the learning experiences of those under her guidance.

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